科目：化学 Chemistry (9701)
年份：2023 春季
试卷：Paper 42
总页数：25
章节：19 Lattice energy, 20 Electrochemistry, 21 Further aspects of equilibria, 22 Reaction kinetics, 23 Entropy and Gibbs free energy, 24 Transition elements, 25 Benzene and its compounds, 26 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, 27 Organic nitrogen compounds, 29 Organic synthesis, 30 Analytical chemistry
1. (a) The most common zinc mineral contains zinc(II) sulfide, ZnS. (i) Complete the electrons in boxes diagram in Fig. 1.1 to show the electronic configuration of a zinc(II) ion.  (ii) Complete Fig. 1.2 to show the Born–Haber diagram for the ionic solid ZnS. Include state symbols of relevant species. 
(iii) Describe the trend in the first electron affinity of the Group 16 elements S to Te. Explain your answer.
[2]
(iv) Explain why the lattice energy, $\Delta H_{\text{latt}}$, of ZnO is more exothermic than that of ZnS.
[2]
(b) Zinc metal can be obtained in a two-step process as shown.
step 1 $2\text{ZnS(s)} + 3\text{O}_2(\text{g}) \rightarrow 2\text{ZnO(s)} + 2\text{SO}_2(\text{g})$
step 2 $\text{ZnO(s)} + \text{C(s)} \rightarrow \text{Zn(l)} + \text{CO(g)}$
The reactions are carried out at 800 °C.
(i) Predict the sign of the entropy change, $\Delta S^{\ominus}$, of the reaction in step 1. Explain your answer.
[1]
(ii) Use the data in Table 1.1 to calculate $\Delta S^{\ominus}$ of the reaction shown in step 2.
Table 1.1
| chemical | ZnO(s) | C(s) | Zn(l) | CO(g) |
| :---: | :--(iii) An equation for the direct reduction of ZnS by carbon is shown.
$$2\text{ZnS(s)} + \text{C(s)} \rightarrow 2\text{Zn(l)} + \text{CS}_2(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H^\ominus = +733\,\text{kJ mol}^{-1} \\
\Delta S^\ominus = +218\,\text{JK}^{-1}\text{mol}^{-1}$$
This reaction is **not** feasible at 800 °C.
Calculate $\Delta G^\ominus$ for this reaction at 800 °C.
$\Delta G^\ominus = \dots\dots\dots\dots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldotting\ldots\ldots\ldots kJ mol^{-1}$ [2]
(c) $Zn(\text{NO}_3)_2$ undergoes thermal decomposition when heated. The reaction is similar to the thermal decomposition of Group 2 nitrates.
(i) Construct an equation for the thermal decomposition of $Zn(\text{NO}_3)^2$.
[1]
(ii) The radii of some Group 2 cations and $Zn^{2+}$ are shown in Table 1.2.
| cation | Mg²⁺ | Ca2 Hypophosphorous acid is an inorganic acid.
The conjugate base of hypophosphorous acid is $H_2PO_2^-$.
(a) Give the formula of hypophosphorous acid.
[1]
(b) $H_2PO_2^-$ is a strong reducing agent. It can be used to reduce metal cations without the need for electrolysis.
$$\text{equation 1} \quad HPO_3^{2-} + 2H_2O + 2e^{-} \rightleftharpoons H_2PO_2^- + 3OH^- \quad E^\ominus = -1.57\text{ V}$$
(i) In an experiment, an alkaline $HPO_3^{2-}/H_2PO_2^-$ half-cell is constructed with $[H_2PO_2^-] = 0.050\text{ mol dm}^{-3}$.
All other ions are at their standard concentration.
Predict how the value of $E^\ominus$ of this half-cell differs from its $E^\ominus$ value.
Explain your answer.
[2]
(ii) The $\text{Cr}^{3+}/\text{Cr}$ half-cell has a standard electrode potential of $-0.74\tex(iii) Complete the diagram in Fig. 2.1 to show how the standard electrode potential of the Cr$^{3+}$/Cr half-cell can be measured relative to that of the standard hydrogen electrode.
Identify the chemicals, conditions and relevant pieces of apparatus.
Fig. 2.1
[3]
(iv) Label Fig. 2.1 to show:
• which is the positive electrode
• the direction of electron flow in the external circuit.
[1]
(v) H$_2$PO$_2^-$ reduces Ni$^{2+}$ to Ni in alkaline conditions.
Use equation 1 to construct the ionic equation for this reaction.
equation 1 $HPO_3^{2-} + 2H_2O + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons H_2PO_2^- + 3OH^-$
[1](c) H$_2$PO$_2^-$(aq) reacts with OH$^{-}$(aq).
$$\text{H}_2\text{PO}_2^-(\text{aq}) + \text{OH}^-(\text{aq}) \rightarrow \text{HPO}_3^{2-}(\text{g}) + \text{H}_2(\text{g})$$
Table 2.1 shows the results of a series of experiments used to investigate the rate of this reaction.
| experiment | $[\text{H}_2\text{PO}_�^-(\text{aq})]/\text{mol dm}^{-3}$ | $[\text{OH}^-(\text{aq })]/\text{mol dm}^{-3}$ |
| :--- | :---: | :---: |
| 1 | 0.40 | 2.00 | 6.4 |
| 2 | 0.80 | 2.00 | 12.8 |
| 3 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 4.8 |
(i) The volume of H$_2$ was measured under room conditions.
Use the molar volume of gas, $V_m$, and the data from experiment 1 to calculate the rate of reaction in mol dm$^{-3}$ s$^{-1}$.
rate of reaction = ..... mol dm$^{-3}$ s$^{−1}$ [1]
(ii) The rate equation was found to be:
$$\text(iv) The experiment is repeated using a large excess of OH$^{-}$ (aq).
Under these conditions, the rate equation is:
$$\text{rate} = k_1 [\text{H}_2\text{PO}_2^{-}(\text{aq})]$$
$$k_1 = 8.25 \times 10^{-5} \text{s}^{-1}$$
Calculate the value of the half-life, $t_{\frac{1}{2}}$, of the reaction.
$$t_{\frac{1}{2}} = \dots\dots\dots\dots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldotting\ldots\ldots\ldots s$$
(v) Describe how an increase in temperature affects the value of the rate constant, $k_1$.
[1]
(d) A student suggests that the reaction between $\text{H}_2\text{PO}_�^{-}(\text{aq})$ and OH$^{-}$ (aq) might happen more quickly in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst.
Describe the mode of action of a heterogeneous catalyst.
[2]
[Total: 17]3 Vanadium is a transition element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table. (a) Define transition element. [1] (b) Vanadium shows typical chemical properties of transition elements, including variable oxidation states. (i) State two other typical chemical properties of transition elements. 1 ..... [1] 2 ..... [1] (ii) Explain why transition elements have variable oxidation states. [1]
(c) $VO_2^+$ can be reduced to $V^{2+}$ by $C_2O_4^{2-}$ in acidic conditions.
$$2VO_2^+ + 3C_2O_4^{2-} + 8H^+ \rightarrow 2V^{2+} + 6CO_2 + 4H_2O$$
(i) In a titration, 25.00 cm³ of 0.0300 mol dm⁻³ $VO_2^+(aq)$ is added to 10 cm³ of dilute sulfuric acid.
A solution of 0.0400 mol dm⁻ $C_2O_4^{2-(aq)}$ is then added from a burette until the end-point is reached.
The titration is repeated and concordant results obtained, as shown in Table 3.1.
| | 1 | 2 |
| :--- | :---: | :---: |
| volume of $C_2O_4^{2−}(aq)$ added/cm³ | 28.15 | 28.10 |
Show that these results are consistent with the stoichiometry of equation 2.
(ii) An excess of $C_2O_4^{²−}$ reacts with $VO_2^+$ to form a mixture of two octahedral complex ions. The complex ions are stereoisomers of each other.
Each complex ion cont(d) $V^{2+}(aq)$ can be oxidised by $H_2O_2(aq)$.
Table 3.2 gives some relevant data.
| half-equation | $E^\ominus / V$ |
| :--- | :--- |
| $H_2O_2(aq) + 2H^+(aq) + 2e^- \rightleftharpoons 2H_2O(I)$ | +1.77 |
| $VO_2^{+}(aq) + 2H^+(aq) = e^- \rightleftharpoons VO^{2+}(aq) + H_2O(I)$ | +1.00 |
| $VO^{2+}(aq) + 2H^*(aq) + e^- \rightleftharpoonup V^{3+}(aq) + H_2O(l)$ | +0.34 |
| $V^{3+}(aq) + e^- \rightleftarrow V^{2+}(aq)$ | -0.26 |
(i) Identify the vanadium species that forms when an excess of $H_2O_2(aq)\ reacts with $V^{2+}(aq)$ under standard conditions.
Explain your answer with reference to the data in Table 3.2.
[1]
(ii) Concentrated acidified $H_2O_2$ can react with $V^{2+}$ to form red $VO_2^{3+}$ ions.
$VO_2^{3+}$ contains vanadium combined with the peroxide anion, $O_2^{2-}4 Ethylamine and phenylamine are primary amines.
$$\text{ethylamine} \quad \text{phenylamine}$$
$$\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{NH}_2$$
Fig. 4.1
These two compounds are synthesised by different methods.
(a) Several methods can be used to form ethylamine.
(i) Ethylamine forms when ethanamide, $\text{CH}_3\text{CONH}_2$, is reduced by LiAlH$_4$.
Write an equation for this reaction. Use [H] to represent one atom of hydrogen from the reducing agent.
[1]
(ii) Ethylamine is a product of the reaction of bromoethane with ammonia.
Name the mechanism of this reaction and state the conditions used.
mechanism ..... [2]
conditions ..... [2]
(iii) The reaction in (a)(ii) also forms secondary and tertiary amines.
Suggest the identity of a secondary or tertiary amine formed by the reaction in (a)(ii(b) Ethylamine is a weak base. State the relative basicities of ammonia, ethylamine and phenylamine. Explain your answer. least basic < most basic (c) Pure phenylamine, $C_6H_5NH_2$, can be prepared from benzene in two steps. Draw the structure of the intermediate compound. Suggest reagents and conditions for each step.
(d) Fig. 4.2 shows some reactions of phenylamine.
$$\text{phenylamine}$$
$$\text{NH}_2$$
$$\text{reaction 1}$$
$$\text{excess Br}_2(\text{aq})$$
$$\text{room temperature}$$
$$\text{reaction 2}$$
$$\text{benzenediazonium chloride}$$
$$\text{N}_2\text{Cl}^-$$
$$\text{reaction 3}$$
$$\text{x}$$
$$\text{reaction 4}$$
$$\text{Y}$$
**Fig. 4.2**(i) Draw the structure of $W$, the organic product of reaction 1. [1] (ii) State the reagents used in reaction 2. ... [1] Benzenediazonium chloride, $C_6H_5N_2Cl$, and $X$ react together in reaction 4 to form $Y$, an azo compound. (iii) Name $X$, the organic product of reaction 3. ... [1] (iv) State the necessary conditions for reaction 4 to occur. ... [1] (v) Suggest a use for $Y$.
(e) Methylamine, CH$_3$NH$_2$, is another primary amine. CH$_3$NH$_2$ can act as a monodentate ligand.
(i) Define monodentate ligand.
(ii) Cu$^{2+}$(aq) reacts with CH$_3$NH$_2$ to form [Cu(CH$_3$NH$_2$)$_2$(H$_2$O)$_4]$^2+$.
Draw three-dimensional diagrams to show the two geometrical isomers of [Cu(CH$_3$NH$_�$)$_2$(H$_2$О)$_4]$^2+$.
(iii) State the coordination number of copper in [Cu(CH$_3$NH$_₂$)$_2$(H$_2$\O)$_4]$^2+$。
(f) Cd$^{2+}$(aq) ions form tetrahedral complexes with CH$_3$NH$_2$, OH$^{-}$ and Cl$^{-}$ ions, as shown in equilibria 1, 2 and 3.
equilibrium 1 $Cd^{2+}(aq) + 4CH_{3}NH_{2}(aq) \rightleftharpoons [Cd(CH_{3}NH_{2})_{4}]^{2+}(aq)$ $K_{\text{stab}} = 3.3 \times 10^6$
equilibrium 2 $Cd^{2+}(aq) - 4OH^{-}(aq) \rightleftharpoonup Cd(OH)_4^{2-}(aq)$ $K_{\text{stAB}} = (iii) A solution of $Cl^-$(aq) is added to $Cd^{2+}(aq)$ and allowed to reach equilibrium. The equilibrium concentrations are given.
$$[Cd^{2+}(aq)] = 0.043 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$$
$$[Cl^- (aq)] = 0.072 \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$$
Use your expression in (f)(ii) to calculate the concentration of $CdCl_4^{2-}(aq)$ in the equilibrium mixture.
$$[CdCl_4^{2-}(aq)] = \ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\cdots\ldots\ldots\ldotting\ldots\ldots\ldots\text{ mol dm}^{-3} [1]$$
(iv) When $\text{CH}_3\text{NH}_2(aq)$ is added to $Cd^{2+}(\aq)$, a mixture of $[\text{Cd(CH}_3\text{NH}_2)_4]^{2+}(aq)$ and $[\text{Cd(OH)}_4]^{2-}(aq)$ forms.
Suggest how the $[\text{Cd(OH)}_{4}]^{2-}(aq)$ is formed.
[1]
(v) $Cd^{2+}(aq)$ exists as a complex ion, $[\text{Cd(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}(aq)$.
Identify the most stable and the le5 Tulobuterol is used in some medicines. Fig. 5.1 (a) Tulobuterol contains a benzene ring in its structure. Describe and explain the shape of benzene. In your answer, include: • the bond angle between carbon atoms • the hybridisation of the carbon atoms • how orbital overlap forms $\sigma$ and $\pi$ bonds between the carbon atoms. [3]
(b) In a synthesis of tulobuterol, the first step involves the formation of chlorobenzene. Benzene reacts with Cl$_2$ in the presence of an AlCl$_3$ catalyst.  (i) Write an equation to show how Cl$_2$ reacts with AlCl$_3$ to generate an electrophile. [1] (ii) Complete the mechanism in Fig. 5.3 for the reaction of benzene with the electrophile generated in (b)(i). Include all relevant curly arrows and charges. Draw the structure of the intermediate. [3]
(c) The second step of the synthesis involves the reaction of chlorobenzene with ClCOCH$_2$Cl, also in the presence of an AlCl$_3$ catalyst, forming compound Q. Fig. 5.4 (i) Name the mechanism of the reaction in step 2. [1] (ii) Draw the structure of an isomer of Q that forms as an organic by-product of the reaction in step 2. [1] (iii) The reactants used in step 2 contain acyl chloride, alkyl chloride and aryl chloride functional groups. State and explain the relative ease of hydrolysis of acyl chlorides, alkyl chlorides and aryl chlorides. easiest to hydrolyse hardest to hydrolyse [3]
(d) Tulobuterol is produced from Q as shown in Fig. 5.5.  Suggest reagents and conditions for steps 3 and 4. Draw the structure of Z in the box. step 3 ..... [3] step 4 ..... [3] (e) The synthesis produces two enantiomers of tulobuterol. (i) Define enantiomers. [1] (ii) Suggest one disadvantage of producing two enantiomers in this synthesis. [1] (iii) Suggest a method of adapting the synthesis to produce a single enantiomer. [1]
(f) (i) Predict the number of peaks that would be seen in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of tulobuterol. (ii) The proton ($^1$H) NMR spectrum of tulobuterol dissolved in D$_2$O shows peaks in four different types of proton environment. The peak for the —CH$_2$N— environment is a doublet in the chemical shift range $\delta = 2.0–3.0$ ppm. Give details for each of the other three peaks in the proton NMR spectrum of tulobuterol, to include: • chemical shift • environment of the proton • splitting pattern • number of $^1$H atoms responsible. Table 5.1 gives information about typical chemical shift values.
Table 5.1 | environment of proton | example | chemical shift range δ/ppm | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | alkane | $-CH_3$, $-CH_2-$, $>CH-$ | 0.9–1.7 | | alkyl next to C=O | $CH_3$-C=O, $-CH_2$-C=O, $>CH-C=O$ | 2.2–3.0 | | alkyl next to aromatic ring | $CH_3$-Ar, $-CH_2$-Ar, $>CH-Ar$ | 2.3–3.0 | | alkyl next到 electronegative atom | $CH_3-O$, $-CH_2-O$, $-CH_2-Cl$ | 3.2–4.0 | | attached to alkene | =CHR | 4.5–6.0 | | attached to aromatic ring | H–Ar | 6.0–9.0 | | aldehyde | HCOR | 9.3–10.5 | | alcohol | ROH | 0.5–6.0 | | phenol | Ar–OH | 4.5–7.0 | | carboxylic acid | RCOOH | 9.0–13.0 | | alkyl amine | R-NH-$-$ | 1.0–5.0 | | aryl amine | Ar-NH$_2$ | 3.0–6.0 | | amide | RCONHR | 5.0–12.0 | [Total: 22]
6 A student uses thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to analyse a mixture containing different metal cations. The student repeats the experiment using different solvents.
Fig. 6.1 shows the chromatogram obtained by the student using water as a solvent.
(a) (i) Suggest a compound that could be used as the stationary phase in this experiment.
[1]
(ii) Table 6.1 shows the $R_f$ values for different metal cations when separated by TLC using water as a solvent.
Table 6.1
| cation | $R_f$ value (water) |
| :---: | :---: |
| Cd$^{2+}$ (aq) | 0.40 |
| Co$^{2+}$ (aq) | -0.77 |
| Cu$^{2+}$ (aq) | +0.32 |
| Fe$^{3+}$ (aq) | +0.12 |
| Hg$^{2+}$ (aq) | ++0.23 |
| Ni$^{2+}$ (aq) | --0.75 |
Suggest the identity of the cation that causes the spot at M in Fig. 6.1.
Explain your answer.
[1](b) The student repeats the experiment using butan-1-ol as a solvent. The metal cations do not travel as far up the TLC plate in this experiment. Suggest why the metal cations do not move as far up the TLC plate with butan-1-ol as a solent. [1] (c) The student sprays the TLC plate in Fig. 6.1 with KSCN(aq). The colour of some of the spots changes, as some of the metal cations undergo a ligand exchange reaction. Identify the ligands involved in the ligand exchange reaction. exchanges with ... [1]
(d) In a third experiment, the pH of the mixture of metal ions is kept constant using a buffer solution.
The student prepares the buffer solution by mixing $20.0\text{ cm}^3$ of $0.150\text{ mol dm}^{-3}\text{ KOH(aq)}$ and $50.0\text{ cm}^3$of $0.100\text{ mol dm}^{-3} \text{ C}_8\text{H}_5\text{O}_4\text{K(aq)}.$
$\text{C}_8\text{H}_5\text{ O}_4\text{K}$ is a weak carboxylic acid that has $\text{pK}_a = 5.40.$
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction of $\text{C}_8\text{H}_五\text{O}_4\text{K(aqu)}$ with $\text{KOH(aqu)}$.
$$\text{C}_8\text{H}_五个\text{O}_4\text{K} + \dots$$ [1]
(ii) Calculate the pH of the buffer solution. Show all your working.
$\text{pH} = \dots$ [4]
[Total: 9]