科目：化学 Chemistry (9701)
年份：2016 夏季
试卷：Paper 42
总页数：19
章节：19 Lattice energy, 20 Electrochemistry, 21 Further aspects of equilibria, 23 Entropy and Gibbs free energy, 24 Transition elements, 25 Benzene and its compounds, 26 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, 27 Organic nitrogen compounds, 29 Organic synthesis, 30 Analytical chemistry
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1. (a) Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO$_3$)$_2$, is very soluble in water. When a hot saturated solution of magnesium nitrate is cooled, crystals of the hydrate, Mg(NO$_3$)$_{2}$·6H$_2$O, are formed. In the crystals, six water molecules bond to each Mg$^{2+}$ ion, and some of these water molecules are also bonded to the nitrate ions.
(i) Suggest the type of bonding that occurs between
$$\text{H}_2\text{O} \text{ and } \text{Mg}^{2+},$$
$$\text{H}_2\text{\ O} \text{ and } \text{NO}_{3}^{-}.$$
[2]
(ii) Describe the arrangement of the water molecules around the Mg$^{2+}$ ion.
[1]
(iii) Describe in detail what you would observe when crystals of Mg(NO$_3$)$_{2}$, 6H$_2$O are heated in a boiling tube, gently at first and then more strongly. Write equ(b) Explain why the Group 2 nitrates become more stable to heat down the group. (c) Magnesium nitrate and silver nitrate, AgNO$_3$, decompose on heating to produce the same gases. Silver nitrate also produces silver metal during decomposition. Write an equation for the decomposition of AgNO$_3$. [Total: 12]
2 Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term weak acid.
[1]
(b) The $pK_a$ values of four acids are listed below.
| acid | structural formula | $pK_a$ |
| :--- | :---: | :---: |
| 1 | $\text{CH}_3\text{CO}_2\text{H}$ | 4.8 |
| 2 | $\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{CO}_2\text{H}$| 4.9 |
| 3 | $\text{CH}_3\text{CHEClCO}_2\text{H}$| 2.8 |
| 4 | $\text{CH}_2\text{C}\text{lCH}_2\text{CO}_2\text{\text{H}}$| 4.0 |
(i) State the mathematical relationship between $pK_a$ and the acid dissociation constant $K_a$.
[1]
(ii) With reference to acidity, explain the difference in $pK_a$ values between
- acid 1 and acid 2,
- acid 2 and acid 3,
- acid 3 and acid 4.
[3](c) (i) Draw a fully labelled diagram of the equipment needed to measure the voltage of an electrochemical cell consisting of the standard hydrogen electrode and the standard Cu/Cu$^{2+}$ electrode.
(ii) For the cell drawn in (i), calculate the $E_{\text{cell}}^{\circ}$ and state which electrode is positive.
$$E_{\text{cell}}^{\circ} = \text{identity of the positive electrode}$$
(d) A monobasic acid, D, has $K_a = 1.23 \times 10^{-5}\text{mol dm}^{-3}$.
(i) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm$^{-3}$ solution of D.
$$\text{pH} = ...$$
(ii) An electrochemical cell similar to the one you have drawn in (c)(i) was set up using a 0.100 mol dn$^{-3}$ solution of D in the hydrogen electrode instead of the standard solution.
Use the data and the Nernst equation, $E = E^\circ + 0.059\log[H^+(a3 (a) 2-bromopropane can be used to synthesise methylethylamine and 2-methylpropylamine. (i) Draw the structure of the intermediate $X$ in the box above. [1] (ii) Suggest reagents and conditions for - reaction 1, ... - reaction 2, ... - reaction 3. [3] (b) (i) Write an equation showing why aqueous solutions of ethylamine are alkaline. [1] (ii) Compare the basicities of ethylamine and ammonia. Explain your answer. [2]
(c) Solutions containing mixtures of amines and their salts are buffer solutions. (i) Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution. [1] (ii) Write two equations to show how a solution containing a mixture of CH$_3$NH$_2$ and CH$_3$NH$_3$Cl acts as a buffer. [2] [Total: 10]
4 (a) There are two isomeric complexes with the formula Pt(NH$_3$)$_2$Cl$_2$, one of which is an anti-cancer drug. (i) Draw diagrams to show the three-dimensional structures of the two isomers. (ii) Comment on the polarity of the two isomers of Pt(NH$_3$)$_�$Cl$_�$. Explain your answer. Oxaloplatin is another successful anti-cancer drug in which the stereochemistry around the platinum atom is the same as that in Pt(NH$_3$)$_₂$Cl$_₂$. (iii) Explain why there are no isomers of oxaloplatin.
(b) Only one structure of the complex $[\text{Ni}(\text{R}_3\text{P})_2\text{Cl}_2]$ is known. ($\text{R} = \text{CH}_3, \text{R}_3\text{P}$ is a monodentate ligand)
(i) What does this indicate about the stereochemistry around the nickel atom?
[1]
(ii) Draw a three-dimensional diagram showing the structure of this complex.
[Total: 6]5 Cadmium ions form complexes with primary amines and with 1,2-diaminoethane.
$$\text{Cd}^{2+}(\text{aq}) + 4\text{CH}_3\text{NH}_2(\text{aq}) \rightleftharpoons [\text{Cd}(\text{CH}_3\text{NH}_2)_4]^{2+}(\text{aq}) \quad K_{\text{stab}} = 3.6 \times 10^6 \quad \text{equilibrium I}$$
$$\text{Cd}^{2+}\text{(aq)} + 2\text{H}_2\text{NCH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{NH}_2(\text{aq }) \rightleftharpoons [\mathrm{Cd}(\mathrm{H}_2\text{NCH}_�\text{CH}_2\text{NH}_�)_2]^{2+}(\text{aq})\quad K_{\text{stab}} =4.2 \times 10^{10} \quad \text{equilibrium II}$$
(a) (i) Write an expression for the stability constant, $K_{\text{stab}}$, for equilibrium I, and state its units.
$$K_{\text{stab}} =$$
units ..... [2]
Cadmium ions are poisonous and need to be removed from some water supplies. This is often done by (b) Values for $\Delta H^\circ$ and $\Delta G^\circ$ for equilibria I and II, and the value of $\Delta S^\circ$ for equilibrium I, are given in the table below. All values are at a temperature of 298 K.
| equilibrium | $\Delta H^\circ$/kJ mol$^{-1}$ | $\Delta G^\circ$/kJ mol$^{-I}$ | $\Delta S^\circ$/JK$^{-1}$mol$^{-I}$ |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---
| I | –57.3 | –37.4 | –66.8 |
| II | –56.5 | –60.7 | to be calculated |
(i) Suggest a reason why the $\Delta H^\circ$ values for the two equilibria are very similar.
[1]
(ii) Calculate $\Delta S^\circ$ for equilibrium II.
$$\Delta S^\circ = \text{JK}^{-1}\text{mol}^{-1}$$
(iii) Suggest a reason for the difference between the $\Delta S^\circ$ you have calculated for equilibrium II and that for equilibrium I given in the table.
[1]
(iv6 Esterases are enzymes that hydrolyse esters.
Enzymes can be quite specific in the structures of the substrates they act upon. For example, an esterase isolated from the mould *Aspergillus niger* will hydrolyse phenyl ethanoate, $\text{CH}_3\text{CO}_2\text{C}_6\text{H}_5$, but not its isomer methyl benzoate, $\text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{CO}_2\text{CH}_3$.
(a) Outline how enzymes catalyse reactions, and explain their specificity.
Use diagrams in your answer where appropriate.
[3](b) Sample bottles of each of the isomers phenyl ethanoate and methyl benzoate have lost their labels and so have been named isomer A and isomer B. (i) The carbon-13 NMR spectra of isomers A and B contain the following peaks. | isomer A | isomer B | | :---: | :---: | | $\delta$ 52 | $\delta$ 26 | | $\delta$ 128 | $\delta$ 122 | | $\delta$ 129 | $\delta$ 126 | | $\delta$ 130 | $\delta$ 129 | | $\delta$ 133 | $\delta$ 151 | | $\delta$ 167 | $\delta$ 169 | The identity of the compound responsible for each spectrum can be deduced by studying the chemical shifts ($\delta$) of the peaks in the spectra. Use the Data Booklet to assign the correct peaks to the labelled carbon atoms in the structures of the isomers below. Write each value next to the relevant carbon atom and hence deduce the ide
7 (a) Amino acids can be separated by electrophoresis. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to separate a mixture by electrophoresis. [3] (ii) Explain the principles of the separation of amino acids by electrophoresis. [2] (b) Electrophoresis is usually carried out in a buffer solution. Given three buffers, with pH values of 2.0, 7.0 and 12.0, suggest, with a reason, which buffer would be the most suitable for the separation of the following amino acid mixtures. Your reasons should refer to the structure of each molecule. (The structures of these amino acids are given in the Data Booklet.) (i) Asp and Val buffer pH ... reason ... (ii) Lys and Ser buffer pH ... reason ... (三) Tyr and Phe buffer pH ... reason .....
(c) (i) Draw the structure of the dipeptide Gly-Ser, showing the peptide bond in full. The infra-red spectrum of Gly-Ser is shown below. (ii) Use the Data Booklet to identify the bond in the molecule of Gly-Ser that is responsible for each of the peaks indicated on the above infra-red spectrum. E .... F .... G .... [Total: 12]
8 (a) Describe and explain the trend in the solubility of the hydroxides down Group 2. [3] (b) Calcium reacts vigorously with HCl(aq) producing $H_2(g)$. $$Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq) \rightarrow CaCl_2(aq) + H_2(g)$$ (i) How would you expect the enthalpy change for this reaction to compare with the enthalpy change for the reaction where $HNO_3(aq)$ is used in place of HCl but all other conditions are the same? Explain your answer. [1]
(ii) The ionic equation for this reaction is shown.
$$\text{Ca(s)} + 2\text{H}^+(\text{aq}) \rightarrow \text{Ca}^{2+}(\text{aq}) + \text{H}_2(\text{g}) \quad \Delta H^\circ = x \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$$
Construct a fully labelled Hess’ Law cycle to connect each side of this equation to the relevant gas phase ions.
Use your cycle, the following data, and data from the Data Booklet, to calculate a value for $x$.
| standard enthalpy of atomisation of Ca(s), $\Delta H_{\text{at}}^{\circ}(\text{Ca}) | +178 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}$ |
| :--- | :--- |
| standard enthalpy of hydration of Ca^{2+}(g), $\Delta H_{\text{hyd}}^{\circ}(\text{Ca}^{2+}) | -1576 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1} |
| standard enthalpy of hydration OF H^{+}(g), $\Delta H_{\text {hyd}}^{\circ}(\text{H}^{+}) | -1090 \text{ kJ mol}^{-1}` |
$x =9 The anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen can be synthesised from benzene via the following six steps. (a) Draw circles around any chiral carbon atoms in the above five formulae. [1] (b) Suggest the structures of compounds H and J and draw them in the boxes above. [2] (c) Suggest reagents and conditions for steps 1-6. step 1 ..... step 2 ..... step 3 ..... step 4 ..... step 5 ..... step 6 ..... [6] (d) Name the mechanism of step 1 and state the type of reaction for step 6. step 1 ..... step
10 (a) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of the iron atom.
$$\text{Fe} \quad 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6$$
(ii) In some of its complexes, the Fe$^{3+}$ ion has only one unpaired electron in its d orbitals.
Using the symbols $\uparrow$ and $\downarrow$ to represent electrons of opposite spins, complete the following diagram to show the d orbital electronic configuration of this Fe$^{3+}$ ion.
[Diagram]
(b) A solution containing a mixture of Sn$^{2+}$(aq) and Sn$^{4+}$(aq) is added to a solution containing a mixture of Fe$^{2+}$(aq) and Fe$^{3+}$(aq).
Use $E^\circ$ data from the Data Booklet to predict the reaction that might take place when the two solutions are mixed, and write an equation for the reaction.(c) Hexaaquairon(III) ions are pale violet. They form a colourless complex with fluoride ions, F⁻, equilibrium 1, and a deep-red complex with thiocyanate ions, SCN⁻, equilibrium 2.
$$\text{[Fe(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{3+} + \text{F}^- \rightleftharpoons [\text{Fe(H}_2\text{O})_5\text{F}]^{2+} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$$
equilibrium 1 $K_{\text{stab}} = 2.0 \times 10^5 \text{mol}^{-1}\text{dm}^3$
$$[\text{Fe(H}_2\text{O)}_6]^{3+} + \mathrm{SCN}^- \rightleftharpoons [[\text{Fe(H}_2\text{ O})_5\text{SCN}]^{2+} + \text{ H}_2\text{O}$$
equilibria 2 $K_{\text{stab}} =1.0 \times 10^3 \text{mol}^{-1}\text{dm}^3$
(i) Predict and explain the sequence of colour changes you would observe in each of the following experiments.
• A few drops of KSCN(aq) are added to 5 cm³ of Fe³⁺(aq), followed by a few drops o