科目：化学 Chemistry (9701)
年份：2022 冬季
试卷：Paper 43
总页数：24
章节：19 Lattice energy, 20 Electrochemistry, 21 Further aspects of equilibria, 22 Reaction kinetics, 23 Entropy and Gibbs free energy, 24 Transition elements, 25 Benzene and its compounds, 26 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives, 27 Organic nitrogen compounds, 28 Polymerisation, 29 Organic synthesis, 30 Analytical chemistry
1 Potassium chloride, KCl, and magnesium chloride, MgCl$_2$, are both ionic solids.
Table 1.1
| energy change | value/kJ mol$^{-1}$ |
| :--- | :--- |
| standard enthalpy change of solution, $\Delta H_{\text{sol}}^{\ominus}$, of KCl | +15 |
| lattice energy, $\Delta H_{\text{latt}}^{\ominus}$, of KCl(s) | −701 |
| standard enthalpy change of hydration, $\Delta H_{\text{hyd}}^{\ominus}$, of K$^+$ | −322 |
| standard enthalpy change of hydation, $\Delta H_{\text{hyd}}^\ominus$, of Cl$^-$ | −364 |
| standard enthalpy change of solution，$\Delta H_{\text{sol}}^{\ominUS}$, of MgCl$_2$ | −155 |
| lattice energy, $\DeltaH_{\text{latt}}^{\ominUS}$, of MgCl$_�$(s) | −2493 |
(a) Complete the energy cycle involving the enthalpy change of solution and the lattice energy of potassium chloride, KCl, an(c) Explain the reasons why the lattice energy of MgCl$_2$ is more exothermic than the lattice energy of KCl. [2] (d) Define the following terms. (i) enthalpy change of atomisation ... [1] (ii) first electron affinity ... [1] (e) (i) Explain what is meant by entropy, S. ... [1] (ii) Potassium chloride is very soluble in water at 20°C. Explain the solubility of potassium chloride by reference to change in entropy, $\Delta S$. ... [1] (iii) Use the Gibbs equation and your answer to (e)(ii) to predict whether potassium chloride is more soluble in water at 20°C or at 80°C. Explain your answer. ... [1] Total: 11
2 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the following terms:
homogeneous catalyst ...
heterogeneous catalyst ...
[1]
(ii) Iodide ions react with peroxydisulfate ions.
$$2I^- + S_2O_8^{2-} \rightarrow I_2 + 2SO_4^{2-}$$
This reaction is slow, but it is catalysed by Fe$^{2+}$ ions.
Write two equations to explain how this reaction is catalysed by Fe$^{2+"}$ ions.
1 ...
2 ... [2]
(iii) Suggest why the alternative route in the presence of Fe$^{2+"}$ ions has a lower activation energy than the route in the absence of a catalyst.
... [1]
(b) Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen.
$$2NO(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow 2NO_2(g)$$
This reaction is second order with respect to nitrogen monoxide and first order with respect to oxygen.
Under certain conditions the value of the rate constant, $k$, is $(c) The drug cisplatin, Pt(NH$_3$)$_2$Cl$_2$, hydrolyses in water.
$$\text{Pt(NH}_3)_2\text{Cl}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow [\text{Pt(NH}_3)_�\text{Cl}(H_2\text{O})]^+ + \text{Cl}^-$$
The rate equation is shown.
$$\text{rate} = k[\text{Pt(NH}_3)_�\text{Cl}_2]$$
The value of $k$ is $2.50 \times 10^{-5}$ s$^{-1}$ under certain conditions.
(i) This reaction has a constant half-life.
Explain why this is the case.
[1]
(ii) Use the information in this question to show that the half-life of this reaction is $2.77 \times 10^{4}$ s.
[1]
(iii) $8.00 \times 10^{-6}$ moles of Pt(NH$_3$)$_�$Cl$_2$ are added to $100\text{ cm}^{3}$ of water.
Calculate the time taken for the concentration of Pt(NH$_3$)$_{2}$Cl$_2$ to fall to $2.50 \times 1 0^{-6}$ mol dm$^{-3}$.
time taken = ... s [2]
[T3 Data should be selected from Table 3.1 in order to answer some parts of this question.
Table 3.1
| electrode reaction | $E^\circ$/V |
| :--- | :--- |
| $\text{Cl}_2 + 2\text{e}^- \rightleftharpoons 2\text{Cl}^-$ | +1.36 |
| $2\text{HOCI}l + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{e}^- \Rightarrow \text{Cl}_2 + 2\text H_2\text O$ | +1.64 |
| $\text{ClO}^- + \text{H}_2\text O + 2\text{e}^- \Longrightarrow \text{Cl}^- + 2\text OH}^-$ | +0.89 |
| $\text{Sn}^{4+} + 2\text{e}^- \longrightarrow \text{Sn}^{2+}$ | +0.15 |
| $\text{Sn}^{2+} + 2\text{e}^-$ $\Longrightarrow$ Sn | –0.14 |
| $\text{V}^{2+} + 2\text{ e}^- \Longrightarrow$ V | –1.20 |
| $\text{V}^{3+} + \text{e}^- \Longrightarrow$ $\text{V}^{2+}$ | –0.26 |
| $\text{VO}^{2+} + 2\text{H}^+ + \text{e}^- \LongRightarrow \text{V}^{3+} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O(iii) Equal volumes of 1.0 mol dm$^{-3}$ Sn$^{2+}$ (aq) and 1.0 mol dm$^{-2}$ Cl$^{-}$ (aq) are mixed.
Use relevant $E^\circ$ values to explain whether a reaction occurs between these two ions.
[2]
(iv) Equal volumes of 1.0mol dm$^{-3}$ of Sn$^{2+}$ (aq) acidified 1.0mol dm$^{-2}$ VO$^{2+}$ (aq) are mixed.
Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in the resulting mixture.
[2]
(b) A solution of SnCl$_2$(aq) is electrolysed for a measured time using a steady current.
A mass of 2.95g of tin metal is produced at the cathode.
Al$_2$O$_3$(l) is electrolysed for the same time by the same current.
Calculate the mass of aluminium metal produced at the cathode. Give your answer to three significant figures. Show your working.
mass of aluminium metal = ..... g [2]
[Total: 10]4 (a) A sample of butanoic acid, CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_2$COOH, is shaken with a mixture of two immiscible solvents, ethoxyethane and water. The solvents form two layers. The butanoic acid is distributed between the two layers, its concentration in ethoxyethane being higher than its concentration in water.
(i) State what is meant by partition coefficient.
[1]
(ii) The partition coefficient, $K_{pc}$, for butanoic acid between ethoxyethane and water is 3.50.
A solution of 2.00 g of butanoic acid in 100 cm$^3$ ethoxyethane is added to water. This mixture is left until there is no further change in the concentration of butanoic acid in either solvent. The mass of butanoic acid dissolved in the ethoxyethane layer is now 1.62 g.
Calculate the volume of water used.
volume of water used = ..... cm(c) The solubility of aluminium hydroxide, $A l(OH)_3$, in water is $2.47 \times 10^{-9} \text{ mol dm}^{-3}$.
(i) Give the expression for the solubility product, $K_{sp}$, of aluminium hydroxide.
$$K_{sp} =$$
[1]
(ii) Calculate the numerical value of the $K_{sp}$ of aluminium hydroxide. Include the units of $K_{sp}$ in your answer.
$$K_{sp} =$$
units = ..... [3]
[Total: 9]5 A transition element is a d-block element which forms one or more stable ions with incomplete d-orbitals.
(a) Two of the 3d orbitals are the $3d_{xy}$ orbital and the $3d_{z^2}$ orbital. Sketch the shapes of these two orbitals.
(b) The Ni$^{2+}$ ion forms many different complexes. A solution containing the $[\text{Ni(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}$ complex ion is green. When an excess of 1,2-diaminoethane, en, $\text{H}_2\text{NCH}_2\text{CH}_2\text{NH}_2$, is added, the colour of the solution changes to blue. This is due to the formation of the $[\text{Ni(en)}_3]^{2+}$ complex ion.
(i) Explain why the two solutions are coloured, and why the colours are different.(ii) The $[\text{Ni}(en)_3]^{2+}$ complex can exist as a mixture of two stereoisomers.
Complete the three-dimensional diagram to show one of the stereoisomers.
Each en ligand can be represented using
$$\text{Chemical structure}$$
[1]
(iii) Name the geometry of the complex ion drawn in (b)(ii) and the type of stereoisomerism shown by $[\text{Ni}(en)_3]$$^{2+}$.
geometry .....
stereoisomerism shown ..... [1]
(c) Iron(II) carbonate, FeCO$_3$, and nickel(II) carbonate, NiCO$_3$, both decompose when heated.
FeCO$_3$ decomposes at a lower temperature than NiCO$_3$.
Suggest a possible reason for this difference. Explain your answer.
[2](d) A is a pale green salt containing Fe$^{2+}$ ions. A sample of 2.62 g of A is dissolved in water and the solution is made up to exactly 100 cm$^3$ with water. 25.0 cm$^3$ samples of this solution are placed in conical flasks and titrated against 0.0100 mol dm$^{-3}$ acidified potassium manganate(VII).
The equation for the only reaction that occurs is shown.
$$5\text{Fe}^{2+} + \text{MnO}_4^- + 8\text{H}^+ \rightarrow 5\text{Fe}^{3+} + \text{Mn}^{2+} + 4\text{H}_2\text{O}$$
The average titre value is 35.0 cm$^3$ of 0.0100 mol dM$^{-3}$ acidified potassium mangANATE(VII).
(i) Describe the colour change that is seen in the conical flask at the end-point of this titration.
The colour changes from ..... to ..... . [1]
(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of iron in A.
$$[A]_{\text{irQuestion 6 starts on the next page.
6 An aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate is a blue colour due to the presence of $[\text{Cu(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}$ complex ions.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between $[\text{Cu(H}_2\text {O})_6]^{2+}$ ions and NaOH(aq).
[1]
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction between $[ \text{Cu(H}_2\text{O)}_6 ]^{2+} $ ions and an excess of conc. HCl.
[1]
(b) If an excess of ammonia is added to a solution of $[\text{Cu(H}_2\mathrm{O})_6]^{2+} $ a deep blue solution containing $[\text{Cu(NH}_3)_4(\text{H}_2\text{O})_2]^{2+}$ complex ions is formed.
(i) There are two possible stereoisomers with the formula $[\text{Cu(NH}_3)^4(\text{H}_2\text{ O})_2]^{2+}$.
Complete the diagrams to show the two stereoisomers in the boxes below.
isomer 1
isomer 2
[1]
(ii) Use your answer in (b)(ii) Compare the stabilities of the $[\text{Cu(H}_2\text{O})_6]^{2+}$ and $[\text{Cu(NH}_3)_4(\text{H}_2\text{O})_2]^{2+}$ complex ions. Explain your answer.
[1]
(iii) Write an expression for the stability constant, $K_{\text{stab}}$, of the $[\text{Cu(NH}_3)(\text{H}_2\text{O})_{2}]^{2+}$ complex ion. State the units of the stability constant.
$$K_{\text{stab}} = \frac{\text{units}}{2}$$
(iv) In a particular solution the concentration of the $[\text{Cu(NH}_{3}\text{)}_{4}(\text{H}_{2}\text{O})_{2}]^{2+}$, complex ion is 0.0074 mol dm$^{-3}$ and the concentration of NH$_3$ is 0.57 mol dm$^{-3}$.
Use your expression in (c)(iii) and the $K_{\text{stab}}$ value of $1.40 \times 10^{13}$ to calculate the concentration of the $[\text{Cu(H}__{2}\text{O})_{6}]^{2+}$ complex ion in this soluti7 (a) The structure of compound P is shown in Fig. 7.1. Fig. 7.1 (i) P is optically active. Use an asterisk (*) to identify all chiral carbon atoms on the structure of P in Fig. 7.1. [1] (ii) Plane polarised light is passed through a pure sample of one enantiomer of P. This is then repeated with a pure sample of the other enantiomer of P. Describe the results of these two experiments, stating the similarities and differences of the results. [2] (b) P can be used to make compound Q in a single step reaction. Q (i) Give the structural formula of the compound that is added to P to make Q and give the formula of the other product of this reaction. compound added to P .... other product ....[1]
(ii) When an ester is treated with LiAlH₄ in dry ether the ester linkage is cleaved by the addition of four hydrogen atoms and two alcohols are produced. Draw the structures of the compounds formed when Q is treated with an excess of LiAlH₄ in dry ether. [3] (iii) Compare the relative basicities of compound P, compound Q and phenylamine. least basic < most basic Explain your answer. [3] (c) P can be used to make compound R in a two-step reaction, shown in Fig. 7.2. Fig. 7.2 (i) Identify the reagents and conditions used for the two steps of the reaction. step 1 ..... [2]
(ii) Complete Table 7.1 by drawing the structures of the organic products formed when R is treated separately with the reagents given. Table 7.1 | reagent | product | | :--- | :--- | | HNO$_2$(aq) at 4 °C | | | an excess of Br$_2$(aq) at room temperature | |
(d) P can be used to produce compound T. (i) In aqueous solution, T has a property called an isoelectric point. Explain what is meant by isoelectric point. [1] (ii) T can polymerise under suitable conditions. No other monomer is involved in this reaction. Draw a section of the polymer chain formed that includes three T monomers. Identify the repeat unit on your diagram. [2] [Total: 17]
8 Benzene, $C_6H_6$, is an aromatic molecule. (a) State the C–C–C bond angle and the hybridisation shown by the carbon atoms in benzene. bond angle ..... hybridisation ..... [1] (b) Benzene reacts with chloroethane in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction mechanism is called electrophilic substitution. (i) The first step in the reaction is the generation of the $^+CH_2CH_3$ electrophile. Write an equation for the reaction that generates this electrophile. [1] (ii) Describe the mechanism for the reaction between benzene and the $^+CH_2CH_5$ electrophile. Include all relevant curly arrows and charges. intermediate products [3]
(c) Chlorobenzene and chloroethane have different reactivities in nucleophilic substitution reactions. (i) Identify a suitable reagent to illustrate this difference in reactivity. The reagent chosen should give visibly different results with chlorobenzene and chloroethane. (ii) Write equations to describe any reactions that occur. [1] (iii) Explain the difference in the reactivities of chlorobenzene and chloroethane in nucleophilic substitution reactions. [Total: 8]
9 (a) Gas-liquid chromatography involves a stationary phase and a mobile phase. (i) Name, or describe in detail, a suitable substance that could be used for each phase. stationary ...mobile ...[1] A mixture of three organic compounds is separated by gas-liquid chromatography. The chromatogram obtained is shown in Fig. 9.1. The amount of each substance is proportional to the area under its peak. Fig. 9.1 (ii) Explain the meaning of retention time. ... [1] (iii) Calculate the percentage of B in the mixture. Show your working. percentage of B = ..... % [2]
(b) Complete Table 9.1 to give the number of peaks in the carbon-13 NMR spectrum of each of the five isomers of C$_5$H$_{10}$O$_2$ that has an ester group.
Table 9.1
| structural formula | number of peaks |
| :--- | :--- |
| CH$_3$CH$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$CH$_3$ | |
| CH$_3$CH$_2$$CO_2$$CH_2$$CH_3$ | |
| CH$_3$$CO_2$$CH_2$$Ch_2$$CH_3$ | |
$(CH_3)_2CHCO_2CH_3$ | |
| CH$_5$$CO_2$$CH(CH_3)_2$ | |
(c) State the number of peaks that would be seen in the proton ($^1\text{H}$) NMR spectrum of methyl butanoate, CH$_3$CH$_2$CH $_2$CO$_2$CH$_3$. Name all the splitting patterns seen in this spectrum.
number of peaks .....
splitting patterns ..... [2](d) D and E are both esters with the molecular formula $C_5H_{10}O_2$. Their proton ($^1\text{H}$) NMR spectra are shown in Fig. 9.2 and Fig. 9.3.
Fig. 9.2
Fig. 9.3
Table 9.2
| environment of proton | example | typical chemical shift range, $\delta$/ppm |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| alkane | $-CH_3$, $-CH_2-$, >CH– | 0.9–1.7 |
| alkyl next to C=O | $CH_3$–C=O, $-CH_2$-C=O, >CH–C=O | 2.2–3.0 |
| alkyl next to aromatic ring | $CH_3$–Ar, $-CH_2$–Ar, >CH–Ar | 2.3–3.0 |
| alkyl next到 electronegative atom | $CH_3$–O, $-CH_2$–O, $-CH_2$-Cl | 3.2–4.0 |
| attached to alkene | =CHR | 4.5–6.0 |(i) Deduce the structures of the two esters **D** and **E** and draw their displayed formulae in the boxes below.
$$\text{D} \quad C_5H_{10}O_2$$
$$\text{E} \quad C_5H_{14}O_2$$
[2]
(ii) The spectrum of **D** includes a quartet at $\delta$ 4.1.
Identify the protons responsible for this quartet on your structure in (i) by labelling these protons with the letter **F**.
Explain why this peak is split into a quartet.
[1]
(iii) The spectrum of **E** has a doublet at $\delta$ 1.1.
Identify the protons responsible für this doublet on your structure in (i) by laballing these protons with the letter **G**.
Explain why this peak has a chemical shift of 1.1.
[1]
[Total: 12]