科目：物理 Physics (9702)
年份：2010 冬季
试卷：Paper 42
总页数：20
章节：12-13: Circular Motion & Gravitational Fields, 14-16: Temperature, Ideal Gases & Thermodynamics, 17: Oscillations, 19: Capacitance, 20: Magnetic fields, 21: Alternating currents, 22: Quantum physics, 23: Nuclear physics, 24: Medical physics
4 Section A Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. For Examiner's Use 1 (a) Define gravitational field strength. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... [1] (b) An isolated star has radius $R$ . The mass of the star may be considered to be a point mass at the centre of the star. The gravitational field strength at the surface of the star is $g_s$ . On Fig. 1.1, sketch a graph to show the variation of the gravitational field strength of the star with distance from its centre. You should consider distances in the range $R$ to $4R$ . <div style="text-align: ce
5 (i) Explain why there is a point between the Earth and the Moon at which the gravitational field strength is zero. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Determine the distance, in terms of $R_E$, from the centre of the Earth at which the gravitational field strength is zero. distance = ...........................................$R_E$ [3] (iii) On the axes of Fig. 1.3, sketch a graph to show the variation of the gravitational field s
6 2 (a) (i) State the basic assumption of the kinetic theory of gases that leads to the conclusion that the potential energy between the atoms of an ideal gas is zero. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) State what is meant by the *internal energy* of a substance. ............................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................ [2] (iii) Explain why an increase in internal ene
7
(i) State the change in internal energy of the gas during one complete cycle PQRP.
change = ……………………………………… J [1]
(ii) Calculate the work done on the gas during the change from P to Q.
work done = ……………………………………… J [2]
(iii) Some energy changes during the cycle PQRP are shown in Fig. 2.2.
<table>
<tr>
<th>change</th>
<th>work done on gas / J</th>
<th>heating supplied to gas / J</th>
<th>increase in internal energy / J</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>P → Q</td>
<td>…………………………</td>
<td>–600</td>
<td>…………………………</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Q → R</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+720</td>
<td>…………………………</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>R → P</td>
<td>…………………………</td>
<td>+480</td>
<td>…………………………</td>
</tr>
</table>
Fig. 2.2
Complete Fig. 2.2 to show al8 3 A student sets up the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3.1 in order to investigate the oscillations of a metal cube suspended on a spring. For Examiner's Use  Fig. 3.1 The amplitude of the vibrations produced by the oscillator is constant. The variation with frequency of the amplitude of the oscillations of the metal cube is shown in Fig. 3.2.  Fig. 3.2 (a) (i) State the phenomenon illustrated in Fig. 3.2. ................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) For the maximum amplitude of vibration, state the magnitudes of the amplitude and the frequency. amplitude = ........................................ mm frequency = ........................................ H
9
(b) The oscillations of the metal cube of mass $150\,\text{g}$ may be assumed to be simple harmonic.
Use your answers in (a)(ii) to determine, for the metal cube,
(i) its maximum acceleration,
$$
\text{acceleration} = \underline{\hspace{3cm}}\,\text{m}\,\text{s}^{-2}\,[3]
$$
(ii) the maximum resultant force on the cube.
$$
\text{force} = \underline{\hspace{3cm}}\,\text{N}\,[2]
$$
(c) Some very light feathers are attached to the top surface of the cube so that the feathers extend outwards, beyond the vertical sides of the cube.
The investigation is now repeated.
On Fig. 3.2, draw a line to show the new variation with frequency of the amplitude of vibration for frequencies between $2\,\text{Hz}$ and $10\,\text{Hz}$ .
$[2]$
---
© UCLES 2010
9702/42/O/N/10
[Turn over
For10
4 (a) Define capacitance.
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An isolated metal sphere has a radius $r$. When charged to a potential $V$, the charge on the sphere is $q$.
The charge may be considered to act as a point charge at the centre of the sphere.
(i) State an expression, in terms of $r$ and $q$, for the potential $V$ of the sphere.
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) This isolated sphere has capacitance. Use your answers in (a) and (b)(i) to show that the capacitance of the sphere is proportional to its radius.
[1]
(c) The sphere in (b) has a capacitance of $6.8\,\text{pF}$ and is11 (ii) the charge, in coulomb, on the sphere. charge = ……………………………… C [1] (d) A second uncharged metal sphere is brought up to the sphere in (c) so that they touch. The combined capacitance of the two spheres is 18 pF. Calculate (i) the potential of the two spheres, potential = ……………………………… V [1] (ii) the change in the total energy stored on the spheres when they touch. change = ……………………………… J [3] For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 9702/42/O/N/10 [Turn over
12
5 Positive ions are travelling through a vacuum in a narrow beam. The ions enter a region of uniform magnetic field of flux density $B$ and are deflected in a semi-circular arc, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Fig. 5.1
The ions, travelling with speed $1.40 \times 10^5 \, \text{m} \, \text{s}^{-1}$ , are detected at a fixed detector when the diameter of the arc in the magnetic field is 12.8 cm.
(a) By reference to Fig. 5.1, state the direction of the magnetic field.
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The ions have mass $20\, \mu$ and charge $+1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, \text{C}$ . Show that the magnetic flux density is $0.454 \, \tex13 (c) Ions of mass $22u$ with the same charge and speed as those in (b) are also present in the beam. (i) On Fig. 5.1, sketch the path of these ions in the magnetic field of magnetic flux density $0.454\ T$. [1] (ii) In order to detect these ions at the fixed detector, the magnetic flux density is changed. Calculate this new magnetic flux density. magnetic flux density = ……………………………… T [2] For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2010 9702/42/O/N/10 [Turn over
14
6 A simple iron-cored transformer is illustrated in Fig. 6.1.
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) State why the primary and secondary coils are wound on a core made of iron.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why thermal energy is generated in the core when the transformer is in use.
.........................................................................................15
(b) The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) voltage and current in the primary coil are $V_P$ and $I_P$ respectively.
The r.m.s. voltage and current in the secondary coil are $V_S$ and $I_S$ respectively.
(i) Explain, by reference to direct current, what is meant by the root-mean-square value of an alternating current.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Show that, for an ideal transformer,
$$
\frac{V_S}{V_P} = \frac{I_P}{I_S}.
$$
[2]
16 7 (a) State an effect, one in each case, that provides evidence for (i) the wave nature of a particle, ................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) the particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation. ................................................................................................................... [1] (b) Four electron energy levels in an atom are shown in Fig. 7.1. electron energy ↑ -0.87 × 10⁻¹⁹ J -1.36 × 10⁻¹⁹ J -2.42 × 10⁻¹⁹ J -5.44 × 10⁻¹⁹ J Fig. 7.1 (not to scale) An emission spectrum is associated with the electron transitions between these energy levels. For this spectrum, (i) state the number of lines, ....................................................................
17
8 In some power stations, nuclear fission is used as a source of energy.
(a) State what is meant by *nuclear fission*.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The nuclear fission reaction produces neutrons. In the power station, the neutrons may be absorbed by rods made of boron-10. Complete the nuclear equation for the absorption of a single neutron by a boron-10 nucleus with the emission of an $\alpha$ -particle.
$$
^{10}_{5}\text{B18
Section B
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
9 An amplifier circuit incorporating an operational amplifier (op-amp) is shown in Fig. 9.1.
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
Fig. 9.1
(a) State
(i) the name of this type of amplifier circuit,
...................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the gain $G$ in terms of resistances $R_1$ and $R_2$.
...................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2010
9702/42/O/N/10
For Examiner's Use19
(b) The value of $R_1$ is $820\,\Omega$ . The resistor of resistance $R_2$ is replaced with a light-dependent resistor (LDR).
The input potential difference $V_{IN}$ is $15\,\text{mV}$ .
Calculate the output potential difference $V_{OUT}$ for the LDR having a resistance of
(i) $100\,\Omega$ (the LDR is in sunlight),
$$
V_{OUT} = \underline{\hspace{3cm}}\,\text{V [2]}
$$
(ii) $1.0\,\text{M}\Omega$ (the LDR is in darkness).
$$
V_{OUT} = \underline{\hspace{3cm}}\,\text{V [1]}
$$
For Examiner’s Use
© UCLES 2010 9702/42/O/N/10 [Turn over20
10 (a) (i) State what is meant by the *acoustic impedance* of a medium.
........................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Data for some media are given in Fig. 10.1.
<table>
<tr>
<th>medium</th>
<th>speed of ultrasound / m s⁻¹</th>
<th>acoustic impedance / kg m⁻² s⁻¹</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>air</td>
<td>330</td>
<td>4.3 × 10²</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gel</td>
<td>1500</td>
<td>1.5 × 10⁶</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>soft tissue</td>
<td>1600</td>
<td>1.6 × 10⁶</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bone</td>
<td>4100</td>
<td>7.0 × 10⁶</td>
</tr>
</table>
Fig. 10.1
Use data from Fig. 10.1 to calculate a value for the density of bone.
density = .............21
(ii) The reflection coefficient $\alpha$ is given by the expression
$$
\alpha = \frac{(Z_2 - Z_1)^2}{(Z_2 + Z_1)^2}.
$$
Use data from Fig. 10.1 to determine the reflection coefficient $\alpha$ for a boundary between
1. gel and soft tissue,
$\alpha =$ ………………………………………… [2]
2. air and soft tissue.
$\alpha =$ ………………………………………… [1]
(c) By reference to your answers in (b)(ii), explain the use of a gel on the surface of skin during ultrasound diagnosis.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
© UCLES 2010 9702/42/O/N/10 [Turn over
For Examiner’s Use22
11 (a) Wire pairs provide one means of communication but they are subject to high levels of noise and attenuation.
Explain what is meant by
(i) *noise*,
....................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) *attenuation*.
....................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A microphone is connected to a receiver using a wire pair, as shown in Fig. 11.1.
<div style="text-align: center;">
 Outline the principles of the use of a geostationary satellite for communication on Earth. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ....................................................